U.S. researchers have discovered a long-lived zone of high-energy electrons stored between Earth’s Van Allen radiation belts.
Two giant swaths of radiation, known as the Van Allen Belts, surrounding Earth were discovered in 1958. New observations from the Van Allen Probes showed that a third belt can sometimes appear (NASA / Van Allen Probes / Goddard Space Flight Center)
“Nature keeps on surprising us by producing long-lived harsh environments in space in regions not previously considered,” said Dr Reiner Friedel of the Los Alamos National Laboratory’s Intelligence and Space Research Division, co-author of a paper reporting the discovery in the journal Science.
“This finding may impact the planning of future space missions,” he said.
The Van Allen radiation belts – named in honor James Van Allen, who discovered them nearly 50 years ago – are a pair of donut shaped zones of charged particles that surround Earth and occupy the inner region of our planet’s Magnetosphere.
The outer belt contains extremely high-energy electrons, while the inner belt is comprised of energetic protons and electrons.
The belts have been studied extensively since the dawn of the Space Age, because the high-energy particles in the outer ring can cripple or disrupt spacecraft. Long-term observations of the belts have hinted that the belts can act as efficient and powerful particle accelerators. The recent observations by discovered by NASA’s Van Allen Probes now seem to confirm this.
Shortly after launch, the Van Allen Probes activated their Relativistic Electron-Proton Telescope instruments to measure particles within the belts and their immediate environs. The instrument immediately detected the presence of a stable zone of high-energy electrons residing between the belts. This donut-shaped third ring nestled between the belts existed for nearly a month before being obliterated by a powerful shockwave of particles emanating from center of the Solar System.
Such a distinct, long-lasting ring of high-energy electrons had never before been seen by any prior instrument in space or on Earth.
The findings suggest that the Van Allen Belts somehow capture and store energetic electrons in a circular path around our home planet, perhaps in much the same way as a cyclotron can capture and store charged particles here on Earth.
“One of the main reasons the Van Allen Probe instruments are seeing these new features are their unprecedented sensitivity and rejection of backgrounds,” Dr Friedel said. “As the mission proceeds, we expect further surprises that will challenge our conventional wisdom on the transport, loss and energization processes in these highly energetic electron radiation regions.”
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Bibliographic information: Baker DN et al. A Long-Lived Relativistic Electron Storage Ring Embedded in Earth’s Outer Van Allen Belt. Science, published online February 28, 2013; doi: 10.1126/science.1233518
