Vocal muscles of songbirds work like those of human speakers and singers, according to Emory University scientist Dr Samuel Sober and his colleagues from the University of Southern Denmark and Georgia Institute of Technology.
Lonchura striata. Image credit: Thimindu Goonatillake / CC BY-SA 2.0.
“Our research on Bengalese finches (Lonchura striata domestica) suggests that producing really complex song relies on the ability of the songbirds’ brains to direct complicated changes in combinations of muscles,” explained Dr Sober, who is the senior author of a paper in the Journal of Neuroscience.
“In terms of vocal control, the bird brain appears as complicated and wonderful as the human brain.”
Pitch, for example, is important to songbird vocalization, but there is no single muscle devoted to controlling it.
“They don’t just contract one muscle to change pitch. They have to activate a lot of different muscles in concert, and these changes are different for different vocalizations. Depending on what syllable the bird is singing, a particular muscle might increase pitch or decrease pitch,” Dr Sober said.
Earlier studies have revealed some of the vocal mechanisms within the human larynx. The larynx houses the vocal cords and an array of muscles that help control pitch, amplitude and timbre.
Instead of a larynx, birds have a vocal organ called the syrinx, which holds their vocal cords deeper in their bodies.
While humans have one set of vocal cords, a songbird has two sets, enabling it to produce two different sounds simultaneously, in harmony with itself.
“Lots of studies look at brain activity and how it relates to behaviors, but muscles are what translates the brain’s output into behavior,” Dr Sober said.
“We wanted to understand the physics and biomechanics of what a songbird’s muscles are doing while singing.”
Dr Sober and co-authors devised a method involving electromyography to measure how the neural activity of the birds activates the production of a particular sound through the flexing of a particular vocal muscle. The results showed the complex redundancy of the songbird’s vocal muscles.
“It tells us how complicated the neural computations are to control this really beautiful behavior,” Dr Sober said.
“Songbirds have a network of brain regions that non-songbirds do not.”
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Kyle H. Srivastava et al. 2015. Multifunctional and Context-Dependent Control of Vocal Acoustics by Individual Muscles. Journal of Neuroscience 35 (42): 14183 – 14194; doi: 10.1523/jneurosci.3610-14.2015
