NASA’s Perseverance rover has explored and sampled igneous and sedimentary rocks within Jezero crater to characterize early Martian geological processes and habitability and search for potential biosignatures. Upon entering Neretva Vallis, on Jezero crater’s western edge, the rover investigated distinctive mudstone and conglomerate outcrops of the Bright Angel formation. In a new paper in the journal Nature, scientists report a detailed geological, petrographic and geochemical survey of these rocks.
This artist’s impression shows how Mars may have looked about 4 billion years ago. Image credit: M. Kornmesser / ESO.
“When the rover entered Bright Angel and started measuring the compositions of the local rocks, the team was immediately struck by how different they were from what we had seen before,” said Dr. Michael Tice, a geobiologist and astrobiologist at Texas A&M University.
“They showed evidence of chemical cycling that organisms on Earth can take advantage of to produce energy.”
“And when we looked even closer, we saw things that are easy to explain with early Martian life but very difficult to explain with only geological processes.”
“Living things do chemistry that generally occurs in nature anyway given enough time and the right circumstances.”
“To the best of our current knowledge, some of the chemistry that shaped these rocks required either high temperatures or life, and we do not see evidence of high temperatures here.”
“However, these findings require experiments and ultimately laboratory study of the sample here on Earth in order to completely rule out explanations without life.”
The Bright Angel formation is composed of sedimentary rocks deposited by water, including mudstones (fine-grained sedimentary rocks made of silt and clay) and layered beds that suggest a dynamic environment of flowing rivers and standing water.
Using Perseverance’s suite of instruments, including the SHERLOC and PIXL spectrometers, the scientists detected organic molecules and small arrangements of minerals that appear to have formed through redox reactions, chemical processes involving the transfer of electrons. On Earth, those processes are often driven by biological activity.
Among the most striking features are tiny nodules and ‘reaction fronts’ — nicknamed ‘poppy seeds’ and ‘leopard spots’ by the rover team — enriched in ferrous iron phosphate (likely vivianite) and iron sulfide (likely greigite).
These minerals commonly form in low-temperature, water-rich environments and are often associated with microbial metabolisms.
“It’s not just the minerals, it’s how they are arranged in these structures that suggests that they formed through the redox cycling of iron and sulfur,” Dr. Tice said.
“On Earth, things like these sometimes form in sediments where microbes are eating organic matter and ‘breathing’ rust and sulfate.”
“Their presence on Mars raises the question: could similar processes have occurred there?”
This artist’s concept depicts NASA’s Mars rover Perseverance on the surface of the Red Planet. Image credit: NASA / JPL-Caltech.
The SHERLOC instrument detected a Raman spectral feature known as the G-band, a signature of organic carbon, in several Bright Angel rocks.
The strongest signals came from a site called Apollo Temple, where both vivianite and greigite were most abundant.
“This co-location of organic matter and redox-sensitive minerals is very compelling,” Dr. Tice said.
“It suggests that organic molecules may have played a role in driving the chemical reactions that formed these minerals.”
“It’s important to understand that ‘organic’ does not necessarily mean formed by living things.”
“It just means having a lot of carbon-carbon bonds.”
“There are other processes that can make those besides life. The kind of organic matter detected here could have been produced by abiotic processes or it could have been produced by living things.”
“If produced by living things, it would have to have been degraded by chemical reactions, radiation or heat to produce the G-band that we observe now.”
The study outlines two possible scenarios: one in which these reactions occurred abiotically (driven by geochemical processes) and another in which microbial life may have affected the reactions, as it does on Earth.
Strikingly, although some features of the nodules and reaction fronts could be produced by abiotic reactions between organic matter and iron, the known geochemical processes that could have produced the features associated with sulfur usually only work at relatively high temperatures.
“All the ways we have of examining these rocks on the rover suggest that they were never heated in a way that could produce the leopard spots and poppy seeds,” Dr. Tice said.
“If that’s the case, we have to seriously consider the possibility that they were made by creatures like bacteria living in the mud in a Martian lake more than three billion years ago.”
Perseverance’s path through Neretva Vallis and views of the Bright Angel formation. Image credit: Hurowitz et al., doi: 10.1038/s41586-025-09413-0.
While the team emphasizes that the evidence is not definitive proof of past life, the findings meet NASA’s criteria for potential biosignatures — features that warrant further investigation to determine whether they are biological or abiotic in origin.
Perseverance collected a core sample from the Bright Angel formation, named Sapphire Canyon, which is now stored in a sealed tube carried by the rover.
This sample is among those prioritized for return to Earth in a potential future mission.
“Bringing this sample back to Earth would allow us to analyze it with instruments far more sensitive than anything we can send to Mars,” Dr. Tice said.
“We’ll be able to look at the isotopic composition of the organic matter, the fine-scale mineralogy, and even search for microfossils if they exist.”
“We’d also be able to perform more tests to determine the highest temperatures experienced by these rocks, and whether high temperature geochemical processes might still be the best way to explain the potential biosignatures.”
“The parallels between Martian and terrestrial processes are striking — with one important difference.”
“What’s fascinating is how life may have been making use of some of the same processes on Earth and Mars at around the same time.”
“We see evidence of microorganisms reacting iron and sulfur with organic matter in the same way in rocks of the same age on Earth, but we’d never be able to see exactly the same features that we see on Mars in the old rocks here.”
Processing by plate tectonics has heated all our rocks too much to preserve them this way. It’s a special and spectacular thing to be able to see them like this on another planet.”
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J.A. Hurowitz et al. 2025. Redox-driven mineral and organic associations in Jezero Crater, Mars. Nature 645, 332-340; doi: 10.1038/s41586-025-09413-0
This article is based on a press-release provided by Texas A&M University.
