Olive oil in the Mediterranean diet may hold the key to improving lifespan and mitigating aging-related diseases, according to a new study by researchers from the University of Minnesota and Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
Olive oil is a major component of the Mediterranean diet. Image credit: Ulrike Leone.
The Mediterranean diet is one of the healthy eating plans recommended by the Dietary Guidelines for Americans to promote health and prevent chronic disease. It is also recognized by the World Health Organization as a healthy and sustainable dietary pattern.
This diet is characterized by an abundance of plant foods (fruits, vegetables, cereals, and legumes). Olive oil is the principle source of fat. Dairy products, mainly yoghurt and cheese, are eaten in low to moderate amounts, as well as fish and poultry. Red meat is eaten only in small amounts. It also contains wine in moderation, usually consumed with meals.
Early studies on the diet suggested red wine was a major contributor to the health benefits of the Mediterranean diet because it contains a compound called resveratrol, which activated a certain pathway in cells known to increase lifespan and prevent aging-related diseases.
However, the new study suggests that it is the fat in olive oil that is actually activating this pathway.
“Merely consuming olive oil is not enough to elicit all of the health benefits,” said University of Minnesota’s Professor Doug Mashek, lead author on the study.
The study suggests that when coupled with fasting, limiting caloric intake and exercising, the effects of consuming olive oil will be most pronounced.
“We found that the way this fat works is it first has to get stored in microscopic things called lipid droplets, which is how our cells store fat,” Professor Mashek said.
“And then, when the fat is broken down during exercising or fasting, for example, is when the signaling and beneficial effects are realized.”
The next steps for the research are to translate it to humans with the goal of discovering new drugs or to further tailor dietary regimens that improve health, both short-term and long-term.
“We want to understand the biology, and then translate it to humans, hopefully changing the paradigm of healthcare from someone going to eight different doctors to treat his or her eight different disorders,” Professor Mashek said.
“These are all aging-related diseases, so let’s treat aging.”
The study was published in the journal Molecular Cell.
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Charles P. Najt et al. 2020. Lipid Droplet-Derived Monounsaturated Fatty Acids Traffic via PLIN5 to Allosterically Activate SIRT1. Molecular Cell 77 (4): 810-824; doi: 10.1016/j.molcel.2019.12.003
