New research from the University of Toronto shows that from approximately 2 billion until 600 million years ago, an atmospheric tide driven by the Sun countered the effect of the Moon, keeping Earth’s rotational rate steady and the length of day at a constant 19.5 hours; without this billion-year pause in the slowing of our planet’s rotation, our current 24-hour day would stretch to over 60 hours.
An artist’s impression of the early Earth. Image credit: NASA.
When the Moon first formed some 4.5 billion years ago, the day was less than 10 hours long.
But since then, the lunar gravitational pull on the Earth has been slowing our planet’s rotation, resulting in an increasingly longer day.
Today, it continues to lengthen at a rate of some 1.7 milliseconds every century.
The Moon slows the planet’s rotation by pulling on Earth’s oceans, creating tidal bulges on opposite sides of the planet that we experience as high and low tides.
The gravitational pull of the Moon on those bulges, plus the friction between the tides and the ocean floor, acts like a brake on our spinning planet.
“Sunlight also produces an atmospheric tide with the same type of bulges,” said University of Toronto theoretical astrophysicist Norman Murray.
“The Sun’s gravity pulls on these atmospheric bulges, producing a torque on the Earth. But instead of slowing down Earth’s rotation like the moon, it speeds it up.”
For most of Earth’s geological history, the lunar tides have overpowered the solar tides by about a factor of ten; hence, the Earth’s slowing rotational speed and lengthening days.
But some two billion years ago, the atmospheric bulges were larger because the atmosphere was warmer and because its natural resonance — the frequency at which waves move through it — matched the length of day.
The atmosphere, like a bell, resonates at a frequency determined by various factors, including temperature. In other words, waves travel through it at a velocity determined by its temperature. The same principle explains why a bell always produces the same note if its temperature is constant.
Throughout most of Earth’s history that atmospheric resonance has been out of sync with the planet’s rotational rate.
Today, each of the two atmospheric ‘high tides’ take 22.8 hours to travel around the world; because that resonance and Earth’s 24-hour rotational period are out of sync, the atmospheric tide is relatively small.
But during the billion-year period under study, the atmosphere was warmer and resonated with a period of about 10 hours.
Also, at the advent of that epoch, Earth’s rotation, slowed by the moon, reached 20 hours.
When the atmospheric resonance and length of day became even factors — 10 and 20 — the atmospheric tide was reinforced, the bulges became larger and the Sun’s tidal pull became strong enough to counter the lunar tide.
“It’s like pushing a child on a swing. If your push and the period of the swing are out of sync, it’s not going to go very high. But, if they’re in sync and you’re pushing just as the swing stops at one end of its travel, the push will add to the momentum of the swing and it will go further and higher. That’s what happened with the atmospheric resonance and tide,” Dr. Murray said.
The team’s work is published in the journal Science Advances.
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Hanbo Wu et al. 2023. Why the day is 24 hours long: The history of Earth’s atmospheric thermal tide, composition, and mean temperature. Science Advances 9 (27); doi: 10.1126/sciadv.add2499
