In a new study, high ventilation breathwork while listening to music was associated with reports of blissful states and reduced negative emotions, accompanied by increased blood flow to emotion-processing brain regions.
Kartar et al. suggest that circuitries supporting the integration of interoceptive representations and processing of affective memories are putative neurobiological substrates of HVB-induced ASCs. Image credit: Ram Jain.
The popularity of breathwork as a therapeutic tool for psychological distress is rapidly expanding. Breathwork practices that increase ventilatory rate or depth, accompanied by music, can lead to altered states of consciousness (ASCs) similar to those evoked by psychedelic substances.
High ventilation breathwork (HVB) might offer a non-pharmacological alternative, with fewer legal and ethical restrictions to large-scale adoption in clinical treatment.
However, the neurobiological mechanisms and subjective experience underlying ASCs induced by HVB have not been studied extensively.
To fill this knowledge gap, Dr. Amy Amla Kartar from Brighton and Sussex Medical School at the University of Sussex and her colleagues characterized ASCs induced by HVB in experienced practitioners by analyzing self-reported data from 15 individuals who participated online, 8 individuals who participated in the lab, and 19 individuals who underwent magnetic resonance imaging.
Their task consisted of a 20- to 30-minute session of cyclic breathing without pausing while listening to music, followed by a series of questionnaires within 30 minutes of finishing the breathwork session.
The results showed that the intensity of ASCs evoked by HVB was proportional to cardiovascular sympathetic activation, as indicated by a decrease in heart rate variability, indicating a potential stress response.
In addition, HVB-evoked ASCs were associated with a profound decrease in blood flow to the left operculum and posterior insula — brain regions implicated in representing the internal state of the body, including breathing.
Also, despite HVB causing large and global reductions in blood flow to the brain, there was a progressive increase in blood flow during the session to the right amygdala and anterior hippocampus, which are brain regions involved in the processing of emotional memories.
These blood flow changes correlated with psychedelic experiences, demonstrating that these alterations may underlie the positive effects of this breathwork.
During all experimental sessions, participants reported a reduction in fear and negative emotions, with no adverse reactions.
Across participants and experimental settings, HVB reliably enhanced ASCs dominated by Oceanic Boundlessness (OBN), which is a term coined by Freud in 1920 that describes a set of related feelings including spiritual experience, insightfulness, blissful state, positively experienced depersonalization, and the experience of unity.
OBN is considered as a defining aspect of ASCs evoked by psychedelic substances, such as psilocybin.
According to the authors, their study was novel and exploratory and requires replication by future research including larger sample sizes and a control group to separate the effects of music on the brain.
Despite these limitations, the findings provide a better understanding of HVB and direct research to investigate its therapeutic applications.
“Our research is the first to use neuroimaging to map the neurophysiological changes that occur during breathwork,” the researchers said.
“Our key findings include that breathwork can reliably evoke profound psychedelic states.”
“We believe that these states are linked to changes in the function of specific brain regions involved in self-awareness, and fear and emotional memory processing.”
“We found that more profound changes in blood flow in specific brain areas were linked to deeper sensations of unity, bliss, and emotional release, collectively known as ‘oceanic boundlessness’.”
The findings were published online August 27, 2025 in the journal PLoS ONE.
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A.A. Kartar et al. 2025. Neurobiological substrates of altered states of consciousness induced by high ventilation breathwork accompanied by music. PLoS One 20 (8): e0329411; doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0329411
