Stromatolites are solid, laminar structures reflecting complex interplays between microbial communities and their environment.
Hand sample of Dresser Formation stromatolite with domical topography (arrowed). Image credit: Hickman-Lewis et al., doi: 10.1130/G50390.1.
The earliest morphological traces of life on Earth are often highly controversial, both because non-biological processes can produce relatively similar structures and because such fossils have often been subjected to advanced alteration and metamorphism.
Stromatolites have long been considered key macrofossils for life detection in ancient sedimentary rocks; however, the biological origin of ancient stromatolites has frequently been criticized.
In new research, geologists from the Natural History Museum, London, and elsewhere examined the 3.48-billion-year-old stromatolites from the Dresser Formation of Western Australia.
They used optical and electron microscopy, elemental geochemistry, Raman spectroscopy, and laboratory- and synchrotron-based tomography to identify numerous characteristics indicative of a biological origin.
“In addition to performing laboratory tomography of 3D stromatolitic macrostructure, we were able to achieve the first sub-micron pixel and voxel sizes for imaging of Precambrian stromatolite microstructures via phase contrast imaging using the SYRMEP beamline at the Elettra Synchrotron, Trieste, Italy,” they explained.
“This enabled the identification of non-uniform layer morphologies, void spaces arising from the degassing of decaying organic materials, and pillar-like vertical structures interpreted as microbial palisade structure, a common indicator of phototrophic growth.”
“The Dresser Formation stromatolites have been mostly replaced by hematite due to recent weathering,” they said.
“While this renders organic geochemical analyses impossible, this composition is highly relevant for the search for life on Mars.”
“Sedimentary rocks at the surface of Mars have been subjected to similar pervasive oxidation and also comprise mostly iron oxides in their upper centimeters to meters.”
“In this regard, the Dresser Formation stromatolites may be uniquely relevant materials to inform us of a precise style of biosignature preservation expected on Mars.”
“As NASA’s Perseverance rover continues its exploration of Jezero crater, we should search for morphological expressions of life resembling those identified in the Dresser Formation and prepare for advanced multi-technique analyses when Martian samples are eventually returned to Earth.”
This research is described in a paper in the journal Geology.
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K. Hickman-Lewis et al. Advanced two- and three-dimensional insights into Earth’s oldest stromatolites (ca. 3.5 Ga): Prospects for the search for life on Mars. Geology, published online November 4, 2022; doi: 10.1130/G50390.1
