According to scientists led by Dr Richard Kramer from the University of California, a chemical ‘photoswitch’ named DENAQ may be a potential drug for treating patients suffering from blinding diseases such as retinitis pigmentosa and age-related macular degeneration.
Section view of the human eye.
The retina has three layers of nerve cells, but only the outer layer contains the rod and cone cells that respond to light, enabling us to see the world. When the rods and cones die during the course of degenerative blinding diseases, the rest of the retina remains intact but unable to respond to light.
Even though the innermost layer’s nerve cells, called ganglion cells, remain connected to the brain, they no longer transmit information useful for vision.
Dr Kramer’s team has invented photoswitch chemicals that confer light sensitivity on these normally light-insensitive ganglion cells, restoring light perception in blind mice.
An earlier photoswitch required very bright ultraviolet light, making it unsuitable for medical use.
However, a new chemical, named DENAQ, responds to ordinary daylight.
Just one injection of DENAQ into the eye confers light sensitivity for several days.
Experiments on mice with functional, nonfunctional, or degenerated rods and cones showed that DENAQ only impacts ganglion cells if the rods and cones have already died.
It appears that degeneration in the outer retina leads to changes in the electrophysiology in the inner retina that enables DENAQ photosensitization, while the presence of intact photoreceptors prevents DENAQ action.
The selective action of DENAQ on diseased tissue may reduce side effects on healthy retina, exactly what is desired from a vision-restoring drug.
“Further testing on larger mammals is needed to assess the short- and long-term safety of DENAQ and related chemicals,” said Dr Kramer, who is the senior author of the paper published in the journal Neuron.
“It will take several more years, but if safety can be established, these compounds might ultimately be useful for restoring light sensitivity to blind humans. How close they can come to re-establishing normal vision remains to be seen.”
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Ivan Tochitsky et al. 2014. Restoring Visual Function to Blind Mice with a Photoswitch that Exploits Electrophysiological Remodeling of Retinal Ganglion Cells. Neuron, vol. 81, no. 4, pp. 800–813; doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2014.01.003
